which excludes the water of the laver, which has a special name. (1) Hence it surely means such as is fit for the water of the laver, (2) which proves that it must be ‘living’ water? — It is a controversy of Tannaim. For R. Johanan said: As for the laver, — R. Ishmael said: It is the water of a spring; (3) While the Sages maintain: It may be ordinary water. AN UNCIRCUMCISED [PRIEST]. Whence do we know it? — Said R. Hisda: We did not learn this from the Torah of Moses our Teacher, but from the words of Ezekiel the son of Buzi: No alien, uncircumcised in heart and uncircumcised in flesh, shall enter into My sanctuary. (4) And how do we know that they profane the service? (5) — Because it is written , In that ye have brought in aliens, uncircumcised in heart and uncircumcised in flesh, to be in My sanctuary, to profane it, even My house, [when ye offer My bread, the fat and the blood]. (6) Our Rabbis taught: [It says.] Alien: you might think that this means literally an alien; therefore Scripture teaches, uncircumcised in heart. If so, why does Scripture call him ‘alien’? Because his actions are alien to his Father in Heaven. (7) Now, I know only [that] the ‘uncircumcised in heart’ (8) [invalidates the sacrifice]; how do I know that the uncircumcised in flesh [does likewise]? Because the text states, ‘and uncircumcised in flesh.’ And they are both necessary. For if the Divine Law wrote [that] one uncircumcised in flesh [is disqualified]. I would say that the reason is because he is repulsive; but an uncircumcised in heart’ is not repulsive, and so he is not disqualified. And if we were informed about an ‘uncircumcised in heart’, I would say that the reason is that his heart is not toward Heaven, but [as for] an ‘uncircumcised in flesh’, whose heart is toward Heaven, (9) he is not [disqualified]. Thus both are necessary. AN UNCLEAN [PRIEST]... IS DISQUALIFIED. The Elders of the South said: They learnt this only of [a priest] unclean through a reptile, but [as for] one unclean through a corpse, since [the headplate] propitiates in the case of a public sacrifice, it propitiates in the case of a private sacrifice. (10) If so, let it be deduced from one unclean through a corpse, a fortiori. [that] one unclean through a reptile too [does not invalidate the sacrifice]: if [the head-plate] propitiates [in the case of] one unclean through a corpse, who must be besprinkled on the third and on the seventh [days of his defilement], (11) surely [it] propitiates [in the case of] one unclean through a reptile, who need not be besprinkled on the third and on the seventh [days]? — The Elders of the South hold that those who make atonement [the priests] are like those for whom atonement is made [the people]: as in the case of those for whom atonement is made, if they are unclean through a corpse [the head-plate] does [propitiate], but if they are unclean through a reptile [it does] not, (12) so are those who make atonement: one unclean through a corpse is [included in the propitiatory effect of the head-plate]. whereas one unclean through a reptile is not [included]. What do they [these Elders] hold? If they hold, you may not slaughter [the Passover] and sprinkle [its blood] on behalf of one who is unclean through a reptile, (13) why may the community not sacrifice in uncleanness: surely [it is a principle that] wherever an individual is relegated [to the second Passover], the community celebrates it in uncleanness? Rather, they hold that you do slaughter and sprinkle on behalf of him who is unclean through a reptile. ‘Ulla said: Resh Lakish (14) criticized the southern scholars: Now, whose power is greater, the power of those who make atonement, or the power of those for whom atonement is made? Surely the power of those for whom atonement is made. (15) Then if a priest who was unclean through a reptile cannot propitiate [officiate], though where the owners were defiled by a reptile they can send their sacrifices [to the Temple]; is it not logical that a priest who was defiled by a corpse should not be able to propitiate, seeing that if the owners were defiled by a corpse they cannot send their sacrifices? (16) — The Elders of the south hold: One who is unclean through a corpse can also send his sacrifices. (17) But it is written, If any man of you... shall be unclean [by reason of a dead body]... yet he shall keep the Passover [unto the Lord] in the second month [on the fourteenth day at dusk they shall keep it]? (18) — That is a recommendation. (19) But it is written, According to every man's

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(1). ↑ It is not called simply water, but the water of the laver.
(2). ↑ But not the actual water of the laver.
(3). ↑ I.e., running water.
(4). ↑ Ezek. XLIV, 9.
(5). ↑ I.e., make the sacrifice unfit.
(6). ↑ Ibid. 6.
(7). ↑ They estrange him from God.
(8). ↑ An apostate.
(9). ↑ For this is understood to refer to one whose brothers died through circumcision, so that he fears the operation, but would otherwise have it performed.
(10). ↑ V. Ex. XXVIII, 36-38: And thou shalt make a pale of pure gold... and it shall be upon Aaron's forehead, and Aaron shall bear the iniquity committed in the holy things... and it shall always be upon his forehead, that they may be accepted before the Lord. According to the Rabbis, this means that in virtue of the head-plate a public sacrifice is ‘accepted’, i.e., valid, even if the whole congregation or all the officiating priests are unclean, and indeed must be offered at the very outset in such conditions, as the public sacrifice may not be postponed. This is technically called propitiating (making acceptable). The matter is further explained in the text.
(11). ↑ V. Num. XIX, 19.
(12). ↑ I.e., only when the whole or the majority of the nation is unclean through a corpse must the public sacrifice be brought.
(13). ↑ If an individual is unclean through a reptile and has not performed tebillah (q.v. Glos.), though he can do so and be clean in the evening, nevertheless the Passover may not be slaughtered on his behalf, and he must postpone his sacrifice for the second Passover. There is an opposing view in Pes. 90b.
(14). ↑ The original is "ל ר and it is not clear what it stands for. Bah. suggests. Resh Galutha, the Head of the Exile.
(15). ↑ As the text proceeds to show: the owner of a sacrifice can send it to the Temple even when he is unclean through a reptile, whereas a priest cannot officiate in like circumstances.
(16). ↑ Because they will be unfit to partake of it in the evening. — Though sacrifices in general are mentioned, much of the present discussion refers more particularly to the Passover.
(17). ↑ E.g.. he was registered for a particular Passover-offering (this could be sacrificed only on behalf of people specially registered for it) and became unclean through a corpse: if he sent the sacrifice and had it slaughtered, he does not celebrate the second Passover a month later, though he cannot partake of the first.
(18). ↑ Num. IX, 10f. Thus he is relegated to the second month.
(19). ↑ Scripture orders him to be relegated. Yet if he does have it slaughtered at the first, he has fulfilled his obligation.